A computer virus is a malicious program that installs itself on a computer without the user’s knowledge and can spread rapidly throughout the system, causing malfunctions and compromising data. These viruses are created by individuals with advanced programming knowledge. A distinctive feature of viruses, compared to other cyber threats, is their ability to self-replicate, by infecting files and other computers in the network.
Main types of computer viruses:
● Software viruses – infect programs, the operating system or files in the computer’s memory and can affect its functioning.
● Trojan (Troian) – masquerades as legitimate programs, but allows attackers to gain unauthorized access to the computer or control the system remotely.
● Cryptographic viruses (ransomware) – encrypt the user’s data and may request a reward for unlocking them. In some cases, they can delete data or be remotely controlled by attackers.
How are viruses detected?
The Cybersecurity Agency explains that antivirus programs scan files and applications either on demand or by monitoring the system in real time. They use databases with signatures, updated periodically, to identify and block known threats. Platforms such as VirusTotal allow online verification of suspicious files, using multiple antivirus engines simultaneously for a more comprehensive analysis.
Among the signs that a system may be infected are the unusual slowing down of the computer, the unexpected appearance of pop-up windows or the unauthorized modification of files.
The situation in the Republic of Moldova
According to Mediacritica, in 2023, awareness campaigns highlighted multiple cases of infections with malicious applications, targeting both individual users and public and private institutions. For the period 2022-2023, over 1,500 cyber attacks were detected annually, many of which involved the use of malware. This represents an increase of approximately 20% compared to 2021 and reflects the significant impact on the public and private sector, as well as the high level of exposure of the national digital infrastructure.
The Cybersecurity Agency specifies that, regarding the years 2024-2025, official data are not yet available. However, trends indicate that cyber attacks remain frequent, and the Republic of Moldova continues to be considered a state with a high level of exposure to such risks.
Risks for users
Virus infections can lead to application instability, performance issues, as well as data loss or exfiltration. Attackers can steal sensitive information, such as passwords or banking details, leading to financial fraud or identity theft. Particularly, ransomware programs can block or completely erase data, rendering the system unusable.
Prevention measures
To protect themselves and reduce risks, ASC recommends installing an antivirus solution that provides real-time protection. Users are urged to avoid accessing unsolicited links and files or those originating from insecure sources.
If there are suspicions of a possible infection, it is recommended to disconnect the computer from the internet and scan the suspicious files before deleting them. Also, users are encouraged to regularly make a backup on an external disk or on a secure cloud storage solution.
ASC warns that even the best antivirus programs and security systems cannot replace caution when users are browsing the internet, downloading files or using devices connected to the network. Users are encouraged to be vigilant online, to constantly update the operating system and the applications they use. Prevention remains the most effective method of protection against cyber threats.
Note: This material represents an information initiative of the IPN Press Agency regarding the online environment and digital infrastructure, carried out with the support of the Cyber Security Agency.
