On Saturday, March 2, it will be 32 years since the beginning of the armed form of the political conflict between constitutional and anti-constitutional forces, which marked the birth of the young Republic of Moldova. Unfortunately, this “birthmark” continues to accompany the state throughout recent history, both in the form of current political hostilities of all kinds and in the form of systemic dangers to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the country, which became even more evident with the start of the Russian Federation’s war of aggression against neighboring Ukraine. Why this war was possible 32 years ago, why it wasn’t possible to end it logically even after 32 years, what risks and dangers the maintaining of this state of affairs involves and other aspects of what is commonly called “the Transnistrian conflict” were among the issues discussed by the experts invited to IPN’s public debate “32 years of an unfinished war”.
According to the permanent expert of IPN’s project Igor Boțan, the Transnistrian conflict represents the most difficult problem inherited from the Soviet era by the Republic of Moldova. “The essence of the conflict lies in the fact that about 12% of the Republic of Moldova’s territory is not controlled by the constitutional authorities. On May 2, 2017, the Constitutional Court adopted a decision on the neutrality status of the Republic of Moldova, which stipulates that the territory of the Republic of Moldova from the left bank of the Nistru is occupied by Russia. A number of ECHR judgments underline that Transnistria is effectively controlled by Russia and these ECHR arguments were used when the Constitutional Court passed the judgment to which I referred. By the way, the judgments of the Constitutional Court have the status of law," noted the expert.
As for how this conflict is called, the expert said that they often talk about the “Transnistrian conflict”, which is correct. However, after the hot phase, there are two parties that have differing opinions about how this conflict should be resolved. “The Nistru war” is the real name given to this conflict. From March 2, 1992 until July 1992, we went through that hot phase that was indeed a war. I think this name is appropriate,” explained Igor Boțan.
According to him, the name “Moldovan-Russian war” is also used and has the right to exist because the 14th Army, which came under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, participated in this war on the side of separatist bodies. Moreover, it equipped the initially paramilitary forces of the regime from the left bank of the Nistru, transmitting heavy weapons.
“The War for the Independence of the Republic of Moldova” is also an appropriate name because Transnistria, at that time, defined itself as the last bastion of the Soviet Union and after the collapse of the USSR, Transnistria found this mission, as they called it – Russia’s bridgehead in the Balkans. After the fall of the Balkans, Transnistria found itself in a situation where it says “we have existed for 10 years, you must recognize us”, which cannot be admitted because the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova expressly states that the territory of the country is inalienable and this means that giving up a part of the territory is impossible without amending or adopting a new Constitution here, in the Republic of Moldova,” noted Igor Botan.
According to the director of the Institute of Legal, Political and Sociological Research of the Moldova State University Victor Juc, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, the conflict in the eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova is a complex phenomenon because it involves more interests and more appraisals. “In fact, I would make a comparison with what happened in October 1962 in Cuba. There it was clear from the start what was happening, but the phenomenon is treated differently. We know better the name “Caribbean conflict”. In the United States, in the research and analytical communities, they write about the “Cuban conflict”, while in Cuba – about the “October conflict”. The conflict in the eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova is not an ethnic one, but is a political one with a wide geopolitical connotation,” he stated.
Victor Juc said that the phrase “frozen conflict” denotes that this conflict has not been resolved, but has been put on hold and other times are expected for it to be resolved. “In fact, as long as a “frozen conflict” lasts, the situation is different each time. We have the conflict in Korea, which has been going on since 1953 when it was frozen. The Cyprus conflict of 1974. There was an impression that even the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, its frozen state, would last for a very long time, but in 2016 it was a small test of the relation between the military forces. After 2020, after the 40-day war, the impression was again created that this conflict will be frozen for a long time, but in 2023 it was solved and we can talk about an internal problem of the Azerbaijani state only when some animosities arise, But, as a rule, conflicts are frozen for a longer period,” explained the director of the Institute of Legal, Political and Sociological Research.
According to him, in Ukraine, unlike Moldova, the conflict was thawed and damage and disasters followed. However, it is good when a conflict remains frozen, as long as no preconditions are created and it should not be thawed by force because the effects are very harmful.
“Regarding the conflict in the eastern districts, I believe that in the research community, in the analytical community on the right bank of the Nistru, the option that it was a political conflict with a wide geopolitical extension has already become established. And it is not at all accidental that in different periods, negotiations in the “1+1” formula were considered unproductive and the “5+2” format was insisted on, and they still insist on it in parts, which means that the conflict was internationalized and the constitutional authorities do not have possibilities to bring back to the constitutional field the eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova. And my opinion, which I have expressed for several times, is that it is better for the conflict to remain frozen, as long as there are no preconditions and it cannot be solved in the interests of the citizens of the Republic of Moldova, even during the European integration process,” noted Victor Juc.
Doctor Alexandru Cerbu, a former chief physician of the Emergency Medical Station in Tighina during the combat, said that in terms of notions, there are three different approaches used by specialists, by the political class and by the citizens. The political class and experts use the notions of “dispute” and “Transnistrian conflict”, but society largely uses the notions of “Nistru War” and “Moldovan-Russian War”, not conflict or dispute. Active participants in battles concretely use the notion of war – the Moldovan-Russian war.
“There are different approaches in society. The situation during the first years after the war and the current situation differ greatly. Everyone understood that it is Russia’s interference. For the most part, everyone rejected this notion of civil war element, although there are such elements. But it’s clear that this is all due to the Soviet and even Transnistrian propaganda. Now even the attitude of the ordinary population to the conflict itself is calmer. They all want it to be settled, but it should be resolved without blood. All the positions should be clarified,” said Alexandru Cerbu.
According to the doctor, the conflict of 1992 was certainly not an interethnic one. With an ethnic element, it would have been much bloodier and harsher. This is seen in other ethnic conflicts that aren’t easily solved. “There was a political conflict here, which was visible from the beginning, starting from the sessions of Parliament, when the Transnistrian deputies left the meeting hall, up to today. The acceleration of the separation process began then. In addition, many representatives of our society, either willingly or unwillingly, poured water into the mill,” noted Alexandru Cerbu.
The public debate entitled “32 years of an unfinished war” was the 31st installment of IPN’s project “Impact of the Past on Confidence and Peace Building Processes” which is supported by the Hanns Seidel Foundation of Germany.
Impactul trecutului
See related articles:
- 100 years under sign of MASSR. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Oppressive regime in Transnistrian region speculates on historical factors
- Alexandru Postica: Language problems and economic interests are persistent challenges in Transnistrian region
- Anatol Țăranu: Vulgar Moldovenism born in MASSR continues to live in Moldova’s realities
- Anneli Ute Gabanyi: Moldova has always been of great geostrategic importance for Russia
- Igor Boțan: Moldova’s biggest threat comes from disinformation campaigns
- Ion Valer Xenofontov: Ideas from secret protocol to Soviet-Nazi pact still used today
- Moldova from Ribbentrop-Molotov to Independence. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Soviet’s actions in relation to the Bessarabians in 1940 are ‘occupation” not “liberation”
- Historian Dumitru Lisnic: Soviets brought their own people to Bessarabia for administrative positions
- Anatol Petrencu: Soviets imposed their way of thinking and way of life in MSSR
- Ex-history teacher from Șerpeni: Village in 1944 was completely destroyed
- Effects of Iasi-Chisinau Operation 80 years later. IPN Debate
- Igor Boțan: Soviets’ 1940 actions in relation to Bessarabians were not “liberation”
- Anatol Țăranu: Annexation of Bessarabia on June 28, 1940 was an agreement between two dictators
- Day of June 28, 1940 between celebration and catastrophe. IPN Debate
- Andrei Curăraru: Deportations were aimed at creating society without values
- Lidia Pădureac: Soviet state committed crimes against humanity
- Alecu Reniță: Deportations must keep us vigilant and as far away as possible from Russia - a struggling monster
- Decapitation and uprooting of nation through deportations. IPN Debate
- Igor Boțan: Propaganda must be combated by imbedding critical thinking
- Nicolae Mihai: In totalitarian regimes, citizens no longer enjoy rights and freedoms
- Festive practices and identity engineering in (post)totalitarian regimes. IPN debate
- Virgiliu Bîrlădeanu: In Russia there is an authoritarian regime with totalitarian tendencies
- Igor Boțan: All legislatures in Moldova were pro-European or had periods when they promoted accession
- EU enlargement after collapse of USSR: causes and effects. Moldova’s lesson. IPN debate
- Andrei Curăraru: EU’s ambition is to become an important political center
- Anatol Petrencu: Collapse of Soviet Union was a triumph for countries annexed by force
- Cristian Manolachi: We must discern in avalanche of political messages. 2024 is a complicated election year
- Political mythologies in history and in actuality. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Political mythology in Ukraine war has been exploited to the maximum
- Virgiliu Bîrlădeanu: Authoritarian regimes are effective in disseminating propaganda
- Valentin Constantinov: Today we speak Romanian due to verticality of population of Bessarabia in 1812
- Igor Boțan: Literary language and official language are brought to highest level that unites us all
- Vasile Șoimaru: We are Romanians on both banks of the Prut
- Long path home of the Romanian language. IPN debate
- Statements about Russia terrorist attack: Terror breeds only terror
- Igor Boțan: Moldovan authorities must ensure communication with citizens from left bank of the Nistru
- Alexandru Cerbu about war of 1992: Bodies were lying on the streets in Tighina as in Bucha
- Victor Juc: The Nistru armed conflict was caused deliberately
- Igor Boțan: Danger of repeat of horrors that society experienced under communist regime still exists
- Virgiliu Bîrlădeanu: We must detach ourselves from Soviet past and build a European society
- History, an international antidote to political repression. IPN debate
- Flori Bălănescu: In the absence of a Nuremberg-type trial, we cannot talk about condemnation of communism
- Alexandru Postica: Victims of political repression receive far too small recompence against terror they went through
- Role of history in forming person and modernizing society. IPN debate
- Igor Botan: You cannot build a future if you don’t know your past
- Ana Bîtcă: By informing students about political repression, we want to avoid repeat of past mistakes
- Igor Boțan: The Gulag was Bolsheviks’ solution for controlling population’s protest movement
- Ludmila Cojocaru: Soviet system meant repression, extermination, enslavement of population
- Lidia Pădureac: The Gulag was used to destroy people’s uprightness
- GULAG phenomenon: genesis, manifestation, lessons. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Budapest Memorandum would have been very important if those who signed it had considered it binding
- Radu Burduja: Ukraine must draw conclusions after signing Budapest Memorandum
- Ion Negrei: Russia no longer enjoys credibility internationally
- Failure of Budapest Memorandum. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Ukraine is key to final Transnistrian conflict settlement
- Natalia Albu: Frozen conflicts mean also a low level of quality of human life
- Octavian Țîcu: Moscow wants Moldova to be Transnistrized
- Frozen conflicts: genesis, dangers, settlement. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Phenomena that occurred in USSR before World War II were typical also for MASSR
- Virgiliu Bîrlădeanu: Thousands of people were executed only because they were regarded as a possible source of opposition
- Stalinist repression in MASSR and memory of victims of totalitarian communist regime. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: To better understand how Union of 1918 occurred, we should analyze circumstances in which this occurred
- Alexandru Arseni: Governments in Chisinau and in Bucharest should recognize Union of 1918
- Ion Varta: After Russian Empire collapsed, Romanian national movement evolved into national liberation movement
- Great Union of 1918: lessons for past, present and future. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: When we speak about collapse of Constituent Assembly, we should consider consequences of this for Bessarabia
- Nicolae Enciu: Soviet society was constituted as an antipode of Western society
- Collapse of Constituent Assembly and of chance to democratize Soviet Russia. Effects on country and world. IPN debate
- Anatol Petrencu: In current Russia, there is no democracy
- Igor Boțan: Romania is also obliged to make effort for Moldova to manage to integrate into EU
- Alecu Reniță: Russia is a threat not only to ex-Soviet states, but also to whole Europe
- Igor Șarov: A continuous struggle is led to secure European integration desideratum
- European genealogy tree of Moldova. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Cold War ended because everyone realized what Soviet power actually was
- Ion Valer Xenofontov: Cold War lesson - to win with modesty and to lose with grace
- Anneli Ute Gabanyi: USSR wanted to impose same thinking system on people
- Lessons of Cold War. IPN debate
- Vitalie Stoian: Warsaw Part always intervened inside its borders, not outside them
- Anatol Țăranu: Warsaw Treaty was nothing else but “collective policeman”
- Igor Boțan: Warsaw Pact was a reply to reply
- Warsaw Pact: History without propaganda. IPN debate
- Radu Burduja: NATO was and will remain a successful alliance
- Igor Boțan: Soviet Union became totalitarian and wanted to conquer whole world
- Victor Juc: NATO enlargement occurs at request of states that consider themselves vulnerable
- NATO: History without propaganda. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Russians’ rhetoric on use of nuclear weapons shows that things go bad
- Pavel Moraru: Signing of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact led to start of World War II
- Mihai Țurcanu: Russia wants to change international order by force
- Truth and lie about beginning of World War II. IPN debate
- Virgiliu Pâslariuc: European development model is a security and prosperity guarantee
- Price and effects of Independence. Comparative study (1877 vs. 1991. IPN debate
- Ion Varta: Russian factor was every time fateful for our national interest
- Igor Boțan: Role of intellectuality in obtaining Independence was prolific
- Ion Negrei: Putsch of October 1917 didn’t enjoy support among population of Bessarabia
- Igor Boțan: We are witnessing third stage of dismemberment of Soviet Union
- Marin Gherman: Communism was a catastrophe for previous century
- USSR: Born and Destroyed by Putsches. IPN debate
- Stalinization and de-Stalinization of Moldovan society. IPN debate
- Ludmila Cojocaru: Keeping memory of Stalinist crimes necessitates effort from state and society
- Igor Boțan: After Stalin’s death, Stalinization is only a kind of phantom
- Florin Abraham: Historical memory cannot be built without state support
- Igor Boțan: Stalinist elites devour each other, this being an essential quality of Stalinism
- Octavian Țîcu: Stalinization – imbedding of a series of features typical of Soviet Union
- Stalinization and de-Stalinization in European context. IPN debate
- Florin-Răzvan Mihai: Putinism poses a big threat
- Ion Manole: Passivity of international community to crimes of communism generated Ukraine war
- Kakhovka Dam: Why are laws and customs of war powerless? IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Possession of nuclear weapon makes Russia ignore international law norms
- Anatol Petrencu: Some nations fight without scruple
- Igor Boțan: Those who took part in deportation of people from Bessarabia were ideologically indoctrinated
- Viorica Olaru: The Kremlin administration is similar to the KGB
- “Stalinist deportations: echo of the past, for present and future”. IPN debate
- Alexandru Postica: Deportations should be treated in a broader context
- Mihail Druță: It is justified to celebrate Europe Day on May 9
- Anatol Țăranu: Moldova cannot become European state by keeping Soviet symbols
- Igor Boțan: It is a big mistake to reveal World War II events that suit only a particular side
- Victory Day: between reconciliation, antagonization and destabilization? IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Acknowledging organized famine is important for learning lessons
- Museographer of Avdarma: 800 people died from hunger in this village in 1946-1947
- Famine of 1946-1947. Vasile Șoimaru: People were dispossessed of everything and were murdered
- Lidia Pădureac: While Moldovan SSR was dying from starvation, Soviet Union was exporting grain
- Organized famine of 1946-1947: victims, murderers, memory. IPN debate
- Igor Boțan: Fascism, in its milder version, and Bolshevism were heresies of socialism
- Virgiliu Bîrlădeanu: Society should be attentive so as not to allow authoritarian-totalitarian deviations
- Alexandru Cosmescu: Fascism, Stalinism and Nazism created external enemies in order to achieve their goals
- What do Fascism, Nazism and Stalinism have in common? IPN debate
- Alecu Reniță on 1903 pogrom: Authorities failed to stop bloodshed
- Pogrom of 1903: executioners, victims and lessons. IPN debate
- Andrei Kushko: Not Moldovans, but imperial functionaries triggered Chisinau program
- Igor Boțan: Chisinau program was an outburst of anti-Semitism in Russian Empire
- Igor Boțan: Accession to EU is alternative to Russian world for Moldova
- Ion Negrei: Moldova should connect to European space for good
- Anatol Țăranu: There are affinities between aggressive policy of Russian empire and current regime of Putin
- Fate of peripheries of empires. Quo vadis, Moldova? IPN debate
- Mihai Țurcanu: “Stockholm syndrome” replaced feeling of national identity in many compatriots
- Igor Boțan: Putin’s drama is that he does not have ideology or economic force or army
- Maria Pilchin: Putin teaches his people to die because he was unable to teach them to live
- What did we celebrate and why did we celebrate on February 23? IPN debate